The International Phonetic Alphabet
The following charts show the International Phonetic Alphabet as
supported by IPA Zounds. Characters given in red are not supported by the
application's default binary features model.
Pulmonic consonants
|
Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Postalveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Pharyngeal |
Glottal |
| Plosive |
p |
b |
|
|
|
|
t |
d |
|
|
ʈ |
ɖ |
c |
ɟ |
k |
g |
q |
ɢ |
|
|
ʔ |
|
| Nasal |
|
m |
|
ɱ |
|
|
|
n |
|
|
|
ɳ |
|
ɲ |
|
ŋ |
|
ɴ |
|
|
|
|
| Trill |
|
ʙ |
|
|
|
|
|
r |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ʀ |
|
|
|
|
| Tap or Flap |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɾ |
|
|
|
ɽ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative |
ɸ |
β |
f |
v |
θ |
ð |
s |
z |
ʃ |
ʒ |
ʂ |
ʐ |
ç |
ʝ |
x |
ɣ |
χ |
ʁ |
ħ |
ʕ |
h |
ɦ |
| Lateral fricative |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɬ |
ɮ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Approximant |
|
|
|
ʋ |
|
|
|
ɹ |
|
|
|
ɻ |
|
j |
|
ɰ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral approximant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
l |
|
|
|
ɭ |
|
ʎ |
|
ʟ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a
voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged
impossible.
Consonants (non-pulmonic)
| Clicks |
Voiced implosives |
Ejectives |
| ʘ |
Bilabial |
ɓ |
Bilabial |
’ |
Examples |
| ǀ |
Dental |
ɗ |
Dental/alveolar |
p’ |
Bilabial |
| ǃ |
(Post)alveolar |
ʄ |
Palatal |
t’ |
Dental/alveolar |
| ǂ |
Palatoalveolar |
ɠ |
Velar |
k’ |
Velar |
| ǁ |
Alveolar lateral |
ʛ |
Uvular |
s’ |
Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
|
Front |
|
Central |
|
Back |
| Close |
i |
• |
y |
|
|
|
ɨ |
• |
ʉ |
|
|
|
ɯ |
• |
u |
|
|
|
|
ɪ |
ʏ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ʊ |
|
|
|
| Close-mid |
|
|
e |
• |
ø |
|
|
ɘ |
• |
ɵ |
|
|
ɤ |
• |
o |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ə |
|
|
|
|
|
| Open-mid |
|
|
|
|
ɛ |
• |
œ |
|
ɜ |
• |
ɞ |
|
ʌ |
• |
ɔ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
æ |
|
|
|
|
ɐ |
|
|
|
|
| Open |
|
|
|
|
|
|
a |
• |
ɶ |
|
|
|
ɑ |
• |
ɒ |
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a
rounded vowel.
Other Symbols
| ʍ |
Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
| w |
Voiced labial-velar approximant |
| ɥ |
Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
| ʜ |
Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
| ʢ |
Voiced epiglottal fricative |
| ʡ |
Epiglottal plosive |
| ɕ ʑ |
Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
| ɺ |
Voiced alveolar lateral flap |
| ɧ |
Simultaneous ʃ and x |
| k͡p |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two
symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Diacritics
| ̥ |
Voiceless |
n̥ d̥ |
̤ |
Breathy voiced |
b̤ a̤ |
̪ |
Dental |
t̪ d̪ |
| ̬ |
Voiced |
s̬ t̬ |
̰ |
Creaky voiced |
b̰ a̰ |
̺ |
Apical |
t̺ d̺ |
| ʰ |
Aspirated |
tʰ dʰ |
̼ |
Linguolabial |
t̼ d̼ |
̻ |
Laminal |
t̻ d̻ |
| ̹ |
More rounded |
ɔ̹ |
ʷ |
Labialized |
tʷ dʷ |
̃ |
Nasalized |
ẽ |
| ̜ |
Less rounded |
ɔ̜ |
ʲ |
Palatalized |
tʲ dʲ |
ⁿ |
Nasal release |
dⁿ |
| ̟ |
Advanced |
u̟ |
ˠ |
Velarized |
tˠ dˠ |
ˡ |
Lateral release |
dˡ |
| ̠ |
Retracted |
e̠ |
ˤ |
Pharyngealized |
tˤ dˤ |
̚ |
No audible release |
d̚ |
| ̈ |
Centralized |
ë |
̴ |
Velarized or pharyngealized |
l̴ |
| ̽ |
Mid-centralized |
e̽ |
̝ |
Raised |
e̝ (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) |
| ̩ |
Syllabic |
n̩ |
̞ |
Lowered |
e̞ (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) |
| ̯ |
Non-syllabic |
e̯ |
̘ |
Advanced Tongue Root |
e̘ |
| ˞ |
Rhoticity |
ə˞ a˞ |
̙ |
Retracted Tongue Root |
e̙ |
Suprasegmentals
Note that IPA Zounds treats the length marker not as a
suprasegmental but as a diacritic modifying only the immediately
preceding sound.
| ˈ |
Primary stress |
|
| ˌ |
Secondary stress |
ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
| ː |
Long |
eː |
| ˑ |
Half-long |
eˑ |
| ̆ |
Extra-short |
ĕ |
| | |
Minor (foot) group |
|
| ‖ |
Major (intonation) group |
|
| . |
Syllable break |
ɹi.ækt |
| ‿ |
Linking (absence of a break) |
|
Tones and Word Accents
IPA
Zounds uses its own characters for tone marks, not those of the
IPA.
| Level |
Contour |
| e̋ or ˥ |
Extra high |
é |
Rising |
| ē |
High |
è |
Falling |
| (no symbol) |
Mid |
é |
High rising |
| e̱ |
Low |
é̱ |
Low rising |
| ȅ or ˩ |
Extra low |
ê |
Rising-falling |
|
|
ě |
Falling-rising |
| ↓ |
Downstep |
↗ |
Global rise |
| ↑ |
Upstep |
↘ |
Global fall |
Unofficial characters
IPA
Zounds uses the following unofficial characters as a
convenience:
| ʦ |
Voiceless alveolar affricate |
| ʣ |
Voiced alveolar affricate |
| ʧ |
Voiceless postalveolar affricate |
| ʤ |
Voiced postalveolar affricate |